Table 5 Statistics describing the NDVI, NDBI, and LST across the four periods.

From: A geospatial and statistical analysis of land surface temperature in response to land use land cover changes and urban heat island dynamics

Year

NDVI

NDBI

LST

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

Max

Min

Avg

1991

0.50

− 0.21

0.23

0.28

− 0.34

− 0.10

30.49

2.59

13.56

2001

0.48

− 0.05

0.26

0.09

− 0.34

− 0.12

28.44

5.26

13.82

2011

0.47

− 0.02

0.23

0.41

− 0.34

− 0.11

35.13

4.33

14.71

2023

0.48

− 0.09

0.27

0.13

− 0.31

− 0.13

24.45

− 3.16

8.97

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