Table 1 Comparison of the normal version and an emotion-based version of the social norm.

From: Evolution of indirect reciprocity under emotion expression

  1. Here we present the studied social norms regarding the donor’s initial reputation \(r_{donor}\), the donor’s action \(s_{donor}\) and expressed emotion set \(EP_{donor}\), and the consequent final reputation \(r'_{donor}\). On the left-hand side, we depict a conversion of the classical norm Image Scoring to our structure mindful of expressed emotions, constituting a baseline of comparison with emotion-based norms. Note this norm’s indifference towards emotion: cooperative acts lead to good reputations whereas defective ones yield bad reputations. On the right-hand side, we show the studied emotion-based social norm, based on previous empirical work. Notice how it presents a small but significant distinction from the baseline norm, regarding how a good, but defecting donor should be judged when presenting cooperative emotional expressions.
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