Table 6 Key comparisons between the proposed study and existing research on cascading landslide dam failures.

Experimental setup

Large-scale U-shaped flume with bends and cascading dams

Existing studies often use straight flume setups or numerical models, offering controlled conditions for single dam failures^22,45,50

Introduces a U-shaped flume to simulate river bends and cascading systems, enhancing realism in experimental studies

Focus

Cascading landslide dam failures, emphasizing flood amplification and attenuation dynamics

Significant progress has been made in understanding single dam failures and their downstream impacts^22,45,51

Expands upon prior research by systematically analyzing cascading dam interactions and their hydrodynamic impacts

Key contributions

Systematic analysis of flood wave dynamics, breach evolution, and amplification/attenuation mechanisms

Existing works highlight peak discharge and erosion in single dam failures, providing foundational knowledge^18,36

Builds on this foundation to explore cascading systems, addressing complex wave interactions and breach progression

Hydrodynamic insights

Detailed analysis of flow asymmetry, erosion dynamics, and breach evolution in bends and cascades

Insights into generalized hydrodynamics and erosion from previous studies have provided key theoretical frameworks^18,52

Advances this understanding by examining asymmetric erosion and localized energy dissipation in realistic settings

Limitations

Laboratory-scale experiments without direct field validation

Field-based studies, such as Tangjiashan cases, provide critical real-world validation for dam failures^45,53

Provides a controlled experimental basis to guide future field studies and numerical simulations

Applications

Practical implications for flood risk mitigation and cascading dam design

Applications have focused on site-specific scenarios^41,54

Offers actionable insights for cascading systems, including design and emergency planning recommendations