Table 4 Generalized mixed-effects model predicting non-verbal cues based on Accuracy (correct vs. incorrect, with correct as the reference group), Language (native vs. non-native, with native as the reference group), and their interaction.

From: Non-verbal cues in eyewitness testimonies do not predict accuracy or credibility assessments

Cue

Predictor

Accuracy incorrect

Non-native language

Accuracy incorrect x non-native language

OR [95% CI]

p

OR [95% CI]

p

OR [95% CI]

p

Overall cues

1.03 [0.89, 1.19]

0.674

1.03 [0.83, 1.26]

0.813

1.03 [0.83, 1.28]

0.764

Fidgeting

1.02 [0.43, 2.44]

0.957

0.78 [0.12, 4.89]

0.792

0.61 [0.14, 2.73]

0.521

Illustrators

0.32 [0.13, 0.75]

0.009

0.34 [0.08, 1.53]

0.162

4.02 [1.17, 13.87]

0.027

Shrugs

0.90 [0.20, 4.15]

0.897

0.48 [0.02, 13.34]

0.666

3.31 [0.13, 81.87]

0.463

Head nods

1.58 [0.90, 2.78]

0.114

1.61 [0.65, 3.99]

0.301

0.64 [0.27, 1.51]

0.309

Head shakes

1.81 [0.90, 3.64]

0.097

1.48 [0.50, 4.38]

0.474

0.91 [0.32, 2.62]

0.862

Other body movement

0.77 [0.47, 1.26]

0.292

0.93 [0.45, 1.90]

0.834

1.41 [0.66, 2.99]

0.371

Smile

1.29 [0.29, 5.63]

0.739

1.31 [0.21, 8.00]

0.773

0.65 [0.07, 5.80]

0.699

Eye shifts

1.47 [0.88, 2.47]

0.139

1.33 [0.54, 3.25]

0.531

0.93 [0.41, 2.08]

0.851

Brow movement

0.94 [0.54, 1.63]

0.823

1.12 [0.43, 2.90]

0.819

1.11 [0.49, 2.52]

0.809

Other facial expressiveness

1.09 [0.54, 2.20]

0.821

2.15 [0.93, 5.01]

0.075

1.36 [0.53, 3.51]

0.523

  1. The p-values are raw scores, with the Bonferroni corrected significance threshold of p = 0.004. Number of observations = 679. OR = Odds Ratio; CI = confidence interval. Odds Ratio measures the strength of association: OR > 1 indicates greater odds, OR = 1 indicates no difference, and OR < 1 indicates lower odds.
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