Table 5 Generalized mixed-effects model predicting non-verbal cues based on credibility (z-transformed) and its interaction with Language (native vs. non-native, with native as the reference group).

From: Non-verbal cues in eyewitness testimonies do not predict accuracy or credibility assessments

Cue

Predictor

Credibility

Credibility x non-native language

OR [95% CI]

p

OR [95% CI]

p

Overall cues

1.03 [0.90, 1.19]

0.639

0.99 [0.82, 1.19]

0.920

Fidgeting

1.53 [0.42, 5.62]

0.524

0.39 [0.07, 2.08]

0.267

Illustrators

0.93 [0.33, 2.65]

0.898

0.67 [0.17, 2.65]

0.567

Shrugs

6.15 [1.54, 24.59]

0.010

0.07 [0.01, 0.54]

0.010

Head nods

1.71 [0.92, 3.16]

0.087

0.63 [0.28, 1.43]

0.266

Head shakes

2.49 [1.23, 5.05]

0.011

0.45 [0.17, 1.16]

0.098

Other body movement

0.84 [0.52, 1.37]

0.483

1.77 [0.92, 3.39]

0.088

Smile

1.20 [0.34, 4.21]

0.774

0.47 [0.09, 2.35]

0.356

Eye shifts

0.94 [0.51, 1.74]

0.842

1.15 [0.51, 2.61]

0.736

Brow movement

0.76 [0.39, 1.46]

0.407

1.41 [0.59, 3.37]

0.436

Other facial expressiveness

1.11 [0.62, 1.98]

0.731

0.92 [0.44, 1.93]

0.824

  1. The p-values are raw scores, with the Bonferroni corrected significance threshold of p = 0.004. Number of observations = 679. OR odds Ratio; CI confidence interval. Odds Ratio measures the strength of association: OR > 1 indicates greater odds, OR = 1 indicates no difference, and OR < 1 indicates lower odds.