Fig. 2 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 2

From: Transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza among multiple waterfowl species and backyard poultry: the impact of the stopover period

Fig. 2

Diagram depicting the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) transmission dynamics at the waterfowl-backyard poultry farm interface. (1a) Migratory mallards introduce HPAI into a natural area during their stopover period. (2–3a) Infectious mallards transmit HPAI to their conspecifics (mallard-to-mallard transmission) and contribute to HPAI dissemination through the environment. (4a) Mallards visit backyard poultry farms, providing an opportunity for HPAI introduction into these farms. (1b) Migratory mute swans arrive in the natural area in winter. (2b) Mute swans cohabitating with mallards can acquire the infection by ingesting the virus from the environment. (3b) Due to their high susceptibility to HPAI, mute swans die from the infection.

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