Fig. 2

Average connectivity strength across different frequency bands for the HCs, lTLE, and rTLE groups. The data represent the mean connectivity values of the normalized DTF-directed brain networks. The x-axis indicates different frequency bands, while the y-axis shows the average connectivity strength values. The box represents the interquartile range (from the first to the third quartile), and the line inside the box indicates the median. The whiskers denote the range of normal values excluding outliers, and each dot represents an individual subject. The SPSS Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test with Holm correction was used to assess the statistical significance of differences between the HCs and the lTLE and rTLE groups, where * indicates \(q < 0.05\), ** indicates \(q < 0.01\), and *** indicates \(q < 0.001\).