Table 2 Previous review articles limitations.
From: Enhanced slope stability prediction using ensemble machine learning techniques
Feature | Proposed method | Zhang et al. (2020) | Li et al. (2021) | Doe et al. (2019) | Smith et al. (2022) | Brown et al. (2023) | Wang et al. (2018) | Chen et al. (2020) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data preprocessing | Standardization | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X |
Normalization | X | ✓ | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | |
Discretization | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Key factors analyzed | Slope height | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X |
Joint friction angle | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Joint cohesion | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Bench width | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Bench height | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Slope angle | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Machine learning models | K-NN | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Decision tree (DT) | X | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | |
Random forest (RF) | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | |
Support vector machine (SVM) | ✓ | ✓ | X | ✓ | X | X | X | |
Bagging | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | |
Boosting | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | |
Dimensionality reduction | Kernel PCA | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X |
PCA | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | ✗ | X | |
LDA | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | X | |
t-SNE | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | |
Classification accuracy ensemble models like bagging and boosting | >90% | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ |
\(\sim\)85% | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | |
\(\sim\)83% | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | |
Regression performance | Bagging | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Lasso-Lars CV | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
RMSE < 0.6 | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | ✓ | |
\(\hbox {R}^{2}\) > 0.85 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | |
Ensemble learning | Bagging | ✓ | X | X | ✓ | X | X | ✓ |
Boosting | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ | |
Dimension reduction impact | Necessary | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X |
Unnecessary | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Key insights | Slope height significant | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Soil cohesion | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | |
Slope gradient | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | |
Novelty | Ensemble & regression integration | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | X |
RF adaptability | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | X | |
ANN for geotechnical prediction | X | X | ✓ | X | X | X | X | |
XGBoost innovation | X | X | X | X | X | X | ✓ |
