Table 1 Research questions.

RQ-1: How does impulsivity impact sleep quality among college students over an academic year?

OE-1: This question aims to explore the direct effects of impulsivity on sleep quality, assessing whether higher levels of impulsivity correlate with poorer sleep across multiple time points.

RQ-2: How does cognitive arousal mediate the relationship between impulsivity and sleep quality among college students?

OE-2: This question seeks to understand whether cognitive arousal mediates the pathway from impulsivity to sleep quality. It investigates if impulsivity increases cognitive arousal, which in turn affects sleep quality negatively.

RQ-3: How do changes in cognitive arousal due to impulsivity affect sleep quality over time in a non-Western student population?

OE-3: Focused on the longitudinal dynamics, this question examines the temporal changes in cognitive arousal due to impulsivity and how these changes impact sleep quality across an academic year.