Fig. 1
From: Quantifying the non-isomorphism of global urban road networks using GNNs and graph kernels
Global URN Dataset. (a) Top 30 Global Cities and Their Typical Road Networks. According to the 2020 ranking by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), the top 30 global cities are predominantly located in Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region. While most of these cities are coastal or semi-coastal (e.g., Toronto), there are inland exceptions such as London, Beijing, and Paris. (b) Road Network in Downtown New York City. The road network in downtown New York City is highly organized, with Manhattan featuring a particularly dense and regular grid of roads. (c) Typical Road Network Types. Left: Grid Pattern, as exemplified by Manhattan and the Chicago Loop. Middle: Radial Pattern, as exemplified by the Arc de Triomphe and the White House. Right: Freeform Pattern, as exemplified by Lujiazui and the Burj Khalifa. Note: The map data for sections b and c are provided by OpenStreetMap contributors.
