Fig. 2
From: Ideal-observer model of human sound localization of sources with unknown spectrum

(a) Ripple spectrum for different ripple densities; (b) the spectral magnitude in each of the frequency channels; (c) the gradient of the spectral magnitude; (d) the standard deviation of the SG, as function of the ripple density. The dotted red curves show the ripple spectrum in case of phase \(\phi =\pi\), all other curves have phase \(\phi =0\).