Table 1 1. Characteristics of study population: boys.

From: Secular trends in dental caries in Korean children and adolescents: 2007–2019 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey

Characteristic

Boys

Overall

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Unweighted number

5,147

274

617

658

535

454

425

431

328

340

253

263

253

316

Age, y

14.1 ± 2.6

13.8 ± 2.5

13.9 ± 2.6

14.1 ± 2.5

14.2 ± 2.6

14.2 ± 2.6

14.1 ± 2.4

14.1 ± 2.6

14.1 ± 2.5

14.2 ± 2.6

14.4 ± 2.6

14.5 ± 2.6

14.3 ± 2.6

14.2 ± 2.7

Height, cm

164.6 ± 12.7

163.2 ± 12.6

163.4 ± 13.3

164.8 ± 12.9

164.6 ± 12.5

164.5 ± 13.5

164.7 ± 12.3

164.8 ± 11.8

164.7 ± 12.2

164.3 ± 12.5

165.1 ± 12.5

166.7 ± 11.8

165.8 ± 12.9

165.3 ± 13.1

Weight, kg

58.0 ± 15.7

56.6 ± 16.1

57.0 ± 15.5

57.6 ± 14.9

57.2 ± 14.4

57.4 ± 16.5

57.1 ± 14.9

58.1 ± 16.1

58.5 ± 16.3

59.1 ± 16.3

57.9 ± 15.5

59.6 ± 14.9

60.5 ± 16.0

61.0 ± 17.0

SBP, mmHg

109.5 ± 10.6

106.7 ± 9.5

106.2 ± 10.7

110.2 ± 11.1

110.1 ± 11.9

108.9 ± 10.6

109.0 ± 9.9

110.4 ± 10.2

110.2 ± 10.3

111.1 ± 10.2

110.8 ± 9.5

110.3 ± 9.9

110.8 ± 10.4

112.0 ± 10.5

DBP, mmHg

67.0 ± 9.6

66.9 ± 10.1

66.3 ± 9.6

69.6 ± 8.7

67.9 ± 9.9

66.6 ± 9.8

65.6 ± 11.3

66.4 ± 9.2

66.5 ± 8.6

66.5 ± 9.1

67.5 ± 8.4

66.1 ± 9.1

66.8 ± 9.5

67.7 ± 9.8

BMI, kg/m2

21.1 ± 4.0

20.9 ± 4.2

21.0 ± 3.8

20.9 ± 3.7

20.9 ± 3.7

20.8 ± 4.0

20.8 ± 3.6

21.1 ± 4.1

21.3 ± 4.2

21.6 ± 4.2

21.0 ± 4.0

21.2 ± 3.8

21.7 ± 4.0

22.0 ± 4.3

Obesity groupa

 Normal

80.7

81.0

80.2

82.3

83.5

83.6

81.8

81.6

80.1

78.7

78.8

81.9

77.1

73.5

 Overweight

12.1

10.7

14.7

12.3

11.6

9.4

12.7

11.1

10.2

10.7

15.3

11.5

13.0

15.8

 Obese

7.2

8.3

5.1

5.4

4.9

6.9

5.5

7.2

9.7

10.6

6.0

6.6

9.9

10.7

WC, cm

72.2 ± 10.9

72.5 ± 11.7

71.8 ± 10.6

71.3 ± 10.0

71.1 ± 10.1

71.3 ± 11.0

70.7 ± 9.9

71.4 ± 11.1

72.5 ± 11.5

74.3 ± 11.2

73.0 ± 11.2

72.5 ± 10.5

73.8 ± 11.4

75.3 ± 11.8

Abdominal obesityb

16.1

18.6

15.3

14.4

12.6

15.5

13.1

11.8

17.2

19.1

18.5

13.7

21.5

23.5

Metabolic syndromec

3.1

4.9

3.3

2.6

3.0

1.2

2.1

2.2

2.9

3.0

2.1

3.1

4.5

6.3

TC, mg/dL

155.7 ± 27.3

155.6 ± 26.5

155.8 ± 27.5

153.3 ± 29.6

151.9 ± 27.0

154.1 ± 29.2

153.3 ± 25.7

152.2 ± 25.0

150.3 ± 24.6

158.5 ± 27.1

160.4 ± 26.4

161.0 ± 25.9

163.9 ± 26.6

161.4 ± 28.0

TG, mg/dL

85.5 ± 53.8

88.2 ± 42.5

91.4 ± 76.7

86.5 ± 52.9

83.9 ± 48.4

76.9 ± 43.1

83.0 ± 44.7

83.3 ± 51.9

88.8 ± 61.5

87.1 ± 59.8

78.6 ± 40.9

84.7 ± 60.7

91.0 ± 50.5

89.6 ± 53.6

HDL-C, mg/dL

49.5 ± 9.7

48.1 ± 9.0

49.2 ± 9.4

47.8 ± 9.2

48.1 ± 8.7

50.4 ± 10.8

49.5 ± 9.8

50.4 ± 9.8

50.2 ± 9.5

51.1 ± 10.7

51.4 ± 9.7

49.8 ± 9.4

49.0 ± 8.9

50.9 ± 10.3

Tooth brush > = 3

32.5

26.2

30.6

34.5

23.5

20.6

31.4

36.2

34.6

42.6

34.7

42

41.1

40.2

Brushing before sleep

48.4

40.4

46.5

47.7

33.6

33.7

44.2

51.8

54

63.9

64.2

55.9

59.5

59.2

Household incomed

 Low

12.2

13.2

11.4

14.6

16.5

16.5

9.2

11.2

8

12.6

7.5

10.2

11.1

12

 Mid-low

26.4

29.1

21

19.8

30.2

27.5

24.3

34.5

27.6

25.7

24

26.8

21.4

30.8

 Mid-high

31.1

27

33.6

32.9

26.9

31.3

31.5

26.8

38.1

31.7

31.8

30.3

35.5

28.8

 High

30.4

30.7

34

32.6

26.5

24.7

35.1

27.4

26.3

30

36.7

32.8

32.1

28.4

Dental caries

60.8

68.4

60.1

64.9

65.3

65.0

65.9

58.7

54.8

53.8

56.0

54.2

45.4

50.0

Parental education levele

 Middle school

13.1

22.9

15.5

18

17.2

12.5

11.9

8.3

12

12.5

7.9

5.9

8

6.9

 High school

43.7

43

50.4

45

43.7

46.2

43.1

50.8

46.6

42.8

34.4

42.8

33.1

36.1

 College

43.2

34.1

34.1

37

39.1

41.3

44.9

40.8

41.5

44.7

57.6

51.3

59

57.1

  1. Values are presented as weighted % (standard error) or weighted mean ± standard error.
  2. WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  3. aCategorized according to BMI percentile: normal, < 85th percentile; overweight, 85th to < 95th percentile; obese, ≥ 95th percentile.
  4. bAbdominal obesity was defined as WC > 90th percentile, using Korean WC reference data.
  5. cMetabolic syndrome was defined as combining central obesity with the presence of two or more of the other four risk factors, using IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria. For children aged 10 to 15 years, the following cutoffs were applied: WC ≥ 90th percentile; systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; HDL-C < 40 mg/dL; and fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL. For adolescents older than 15 years: WC ≥ 90 cm for males, ≥ 80 cm for females; systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension; fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or known type 2 diabetes; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL or specific treatment for high triglycerides; HDL-C < 40 mg/dL in males, < 50 mg/dL in females, or specific treatment for low HDL-C.
  6. dHousehold income was calculated by dividing the household monthly income by the number of household members, and then categorized into quartiles: low, mid-low, mid-high, and high.
  7. eParental education levels were categorized as middle school graduation, high school graduation, or college graduation.
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