Table 5 Trends in prevalence of dental caries according to sex and metabolic syndrome.

Group^a	Dental caries (weighted % ± standard error)													Age-unadjusted		Age-adjusted
Group^a	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	Coefficient	p for trend	Coefficient	p for trend
Boys
Metabolic syndrome	0.80 ± 0.18	0.59 ± 0.14	0.67 ± 0.13	0.66 ± 0.14	0.71 ± 0.20	0.62 ± 0.21	0.75 ± 0.17	0.67 ± 0.20	0.65 ± 0.15	0.59 ± 0.25	0.65 ± 0.18	0.34 ± 0.15	0.49 ± 0.14	– 0.019	0.154	– 0.019	0.150
Non-metabolic syndrome	0.68 ± 0.04	0.60 ± 0.02	0.65 ± 0.02	0.65 ± 0.03	0.65 ± 0.03	0.66 ± 0.03	0.58 ± 0.03	0.54 ± 0.03	0.54 ± 0.04	0.56 ± 0.04	0.54 ± 0.03	0.46 ± 0.04	0.50 ± 0.03	– 0.015	< 0.001	– 0.015	< 0.001
Girls
Metabolic syndrome	0.37 ± 0.33	0.66 ± 0.18	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	0.70 ± 0.27	NA	0.77 ± 0.21	1.00 ± 0.00	1.00 ± 0.00	0.30 ± 0.27	0.77 ± 0.22	0.00 ± 0.00	0.66 ± 0.28	– 0.010	0.694	– 0.018	0.403
Non-metabolic syndrome	0.72 ± 0.03	0.74 ± 0.02	0.74 ± 0.02	0.74 ± 0.02	0.68 ± 0.03	0.75 ± 0.03	0.70 ± 0.03	0.60 ± 0.03	0.59 ± 0.04	0.52 ± 0.04	0.65 ± 0.04	0.52 ± 0.04	0.56 ± 0.04	– 0.017	< 0.001	– 0.018	< 0.001

^aMetabolic syndrome was defined as combining central obesity with the presence of two or more of the other four risk factors, using IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria. For children aged 10 to 15 years, the following cutoffs were applied: WC ≥ 90th percentile; systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; HDL-C < 40 mg/dL; and fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL. For adolescents older than 15 years: WC ≥ 90 cm for males, ≥ 80 cm for females; systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension; fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or known type 2 diabetes; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL or specific treatment for high triglycerides; HDL-C < 40 mg/dL in males, < 50 mg/dL in females, or specific treatment for low HDL-C.

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