Fig. 1

Probit graphs were generated using the BioRssays package in RStudio, version 2024.9.0.375 (A). This graph depicts linear relationships between probit-transformed mortality rates and the log-dose of permethrin (%, w/v) for different tick populations. Representative tick populations with different resistance levels are shown (RR = 1.00 Lamphun, RR = 2.85 Lopburi, RR = 9.15 Nakhonprathom, RR = 17.00 Chachoengsao, RR = 56.00 Bangkok-2). A heat map demonstrates the overall permethrin resistance status of Rh. linnaei ticks in Thailand (B). GPS coordinates for sampled locations are presented in Table 1.