Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel associated with permethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus linnaei populations in Thailand

Fig. 5

A haplotype network for H001-H005 (with heterozygous genotypes removed) represents the evolutionary relationships between haplotypes (A). Variants between haplotypes are represented as a dot with SNP name in red letters. Circle sizes are plotted according to the frequency of each haplotype, and the pie angles are proportionate to the number of individuals in each resistance range (resistance ratio ranges = R1:1–9, R2:10–19, R3:20–29, and R4: ≥ 30). Their pairwise comparison of resistance levels between haplotypes (B) with p-values (*** < 0.001, * < 0.05) are indicated on top of the lines. The linkage disequilibrium plot (‘plot LD heatmap’ function) among three mutations (positions 190, 215, and 2134) is shown (C). R2 values and mutation positions are indicated in each diagonal and at the top of each one, respectively. All analyses and visualizations shown in this Figure were performed using the “geneHapR” package in RStudio, version 2024.9.0.375.

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