Fig. 2

Effect of Vilda, DDS, and Vilda/DDS on collagen fibers along hepatic tissues of S. mansoni-infected mice. Representative photomicrographs of hepatic sections stained with (a) Masson trichrome stain, and (b) Picrosirius red- fast green stain, (× 100, scale bar = 200μm) as follows: liver sections of normal control and normal treated groups (Control, Vilda, DDS, and Vilda/DDS) marked scarce amount of collagen fibers (arrows), the infected group highlighted the highest amount (arrow), Inf + Vilda and Inf + PZQ emphasized few amounts (arrows), and Inf + DDS and Inf + Vilda/DDS displayed moderate low and moderate high amounts of collagen fibers, respectively (arrows), (red areas): collagenous fibers, (green areas): non-collagenous protein. (c) quantitative analysis of collagen fiber. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, (n = 6), analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons, ^aSignificantly different from the normal untreated group (Control), ^bSignificantly different from the S. mansoni-infected untreated group (infected), ^cSignificantly different from Inf + PZQ group, and ^dSignificantly different from Inf + Vilda/DDS group, at P < 0.05. Inf + PZO, infected mice treated with paraziquantel; Inf + Vilda/DDS, infected mice treated with a combination of vildagliptin and diaminodiphenyl sulphone; Inf + Vilda, infected mice treated with vildagliptin; Inf + DDS, infected mice treated with diaminodiphenyl sulphone. All treatments were administered for 14 consecutive days, except PZQ for two consecutive days.