Table 1 Effect of Vilda, DDS, Vilda/DDS, and PZQ on worm load, percentage of egg developmental stages, tissue egg load, and granuloma size in S. mansoni-infected mice.

Animal groups	Total worms	Percentage of egg developmental stages			Tissue egg load
Animal groups	Total worms	Total immature	Mature	Dead	Hepatic count × 10³	Intestinal count × 10³	Granuloma Size (μm)
Infected	24.3 ± 1.0	54.5 ± 1.6	49.8 ± 4.3	5.0 ± 0.3	14.5 ± 1.7	24.2 ± 0.8	350.2 ± 12.9
Inf + PZQ (500 mg/kg/day)	2.5 ± 0.2^a 89.70%	0.0 ± 0.0^a 100%	24.2 ± 1.5^a 51.50%	78.5 ± 1.8^a 93.60%	5.2 ± 0.4^a 64.20%	4.7 ± 0.3^a 80.40%	252.9 ± 15.2^a 28%
Inf + Vilda/DDS (20 mg/kg) + (50 mg/g)	7.7 ± 0.6^ab 68.50%	0.0 ± 0.0^a 100%	32.7 ± 2.0^a 34.50%	69.2 ± 2.4^a 92.80%	7.3 ± 0.4^a 50%	8.2 ± 0.3^ab 66%	245.0 ± 12.3^a 30%
Inf + Vilda (20 mg/kg)	12.7 ± 1.5^abc 47.90%	26.5 ± 2.4^abc 51.40%	38.0 ± 1.0^ab 23.80%	38.5 ± 2.7^abc 87%	9.3 ± 0.9^ab 35.80%	13.4 ± 1.2^abc 44.70%	227.5 ± 8.0^a 35%
Inf + DDS (50 mg/kg)	11.0 ± 1.3^ab 54.80%	20.0 ± 2.89^abc 63.30%	35.8 ± 2.0^ab 28.10%	48.3 ± 3.07^abc 89.70%	8.4 ± 0.7^a 41.90%	12.5 ± 0.7^abc 48.50%	292.0 ± 12.^a 17%

Inf + PZO, infected mice treated with paraziquantel; Inf + Vilda/DDS, infected mice treated with a combination of vildagliptin and diaminodiphenyl sulphone; Inf + Vilda, infected mice treated with vildagliptin; Inf + DDS, infected mice treated with diaminodiphenyl sulphone. All treatments were administered for 14 consecutive days, except PZQ, which was administered for two consecutive days. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, (n = 6) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, values represent percentage decrease or increase relative to infected control.
^aSignificant difference from the S. mansoni-infected group (Infected).
^bSignificant difference from Inf + PZQ.
^cSignificant difference from Inf + Vilda/DDS at P < 0.05.

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