Table 2 Effect of Vilda, DDS, and Vilda/DDS on liver biomarkers of S. mansoni-infected mice.

Animal groups	ALT (U/mL)	AST (U/mL)	Albumin (g/dL)	Liver Index (%)
Control	64.7 ± 5.5^b	86.0 ± 1.5^b	3.23 ± 0.05^b	6.9 ± 0.4^b
Infected	119.3 ± 2.5^a	144.1 ± 1.7^a	2.1 ± 0.1^a	10.8 ± 0.4^a
Inf + PZQ (500 mg/kg/day)	72.7 ± 5.7^b 39%	96.1 ± 1.5^b 33%	3.1 ± 0.1^b 31.2%	8.0 ± 0.3^b 26%
Inf + Vilda/DDS (20 mg/kg) + (50 mg/kg)	76.1 ± 3.4^b 36%	96.3 ± 1.8^b 33%	3.1 ± 0.1^b 31.5%	8.8 ± 0.3^ab 19%
Inf + Vilda (20 mg/kg)	86.7 ± 4.9^ab 27%	100.2 ± 4.4^ab 30%	2.9 ± 0.0^ab 25.3%	9.2 ± 0.2^ab 15%
Inf + DDS (50 mg/kg)	87.9 ± 4.5^ab 26%	104.1 ± 3.3^ab 28%	2.9 ± 0.1^ab 24.8%	9.4 ± 0.2^a 13%
Vilda (20 mg/kg)	66 ± 1.4^b	87.9 ± 1.9^b	3.29 ± 0.09^b	5.5 ± 0.3^bcd
DDS (50 mg/kg)	67.2 ± 0.4^b	86.8 ± 2.3^b	3.22 ± 0.12^b	6.6 ± 0.4^bd
Vilda/DDS (20 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg	66 ± 0.8^b	86.2 ± 2.5^b	3.30 ± 0.07^b	5.8 ± 0.2^bcd

ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; Inf + PZO, infected mice treated with paraziquantel; Inf + Vilda/DDS, infected mice treated with a combination of vildagliptin and diaminodiphenyl sulphone; Inf + Vilda, infected mice treated with vildagliptin; Inf + DDS, infected mice treated with diaminodiphenyl sulphone. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, (n = 6), and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparisons, values represent percentage decrease or increase relative to infected control.
^aSignificantly different from normal untreated group (Control).
^bSignificantly different from S. mansoni-infected untreated group (Infected).
^cSignificant difference from Inf + PZQ.
^dSignificant difference from Inf + Vilda/DDS at P < 0.05. All treatments were administered for 14 consecutive days, except PZQ, which was administered for two consecutive days.

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