Fig. 1

(A–C) Characterization of the Optogenetic and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Protocols in medial forebrain bundle (mfb). (A) Optogenetic group: Representative image showing the expression of AAV2-DIO-ChR2-EYFP in dopaminergic fibers of mfb originating from the ventral tegmental area of TH-cre rat, as indicated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining. (B) DBS groups: Coronal brain section illustrating the placement of the stimulating electrode in the mfb. The inset shows a higher magnification of the electrode track with TH staining to highlight the dopaminergic pathway. (C) Experimental timeline and stimulation protocol for both optogenetic and DBS groups.