Table 1 Results of ANOVA (or Kruskal–Wallis test*) conducted on physical, physiological, and biochemical responses (treatment means ± se, n = 4) of red clover (cv ‘Freedom!’) and Cowpea (cv ‘Red Ripper’) after 10 days of exposure to elevated temperature (eT) and CO2 (eCO2). For each species and response variable, treatments sharing the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey HSD test, p < 0.05.

From: Short-term exposure to elevated temperature and CO2 alters phytoestrogen production in red clover

Variables a

Cowpea

Red clover

Control

eT

eCO2

eT + eCO2

ANOVA

Control

eT

eCO2

eT + eCO2

ANOVA

AGB

15.3 ± 1.7 b

13.9 ± 0.8 b

21.3 ± 1.2 a

17.6 ± 0.6 ab

p < 0.01

4.5 ± 0.9 ab

2.6 ± 0.5 b

6.3 ± 0.1 a

2.8 ± 0.2 b

*p < 0.05

PH

92.1 ± 5.2 ab

107.4 ± 3.4 a

104.8 ± 4.8 a

79.6 ± 6.6 b

p < 0.01

44.4 ± 1.7 ab

31.9 ± 1.0 b

50.3 ± 2.5 a

30.6 ± 1.3 b

p < 0.01

L/P

12.0 ± 2.1

14.0 ± 0.7

12.6 ± 0.8

12.9 ± 0.6

p > 0.05

22.5 ± 3.6

18.9 ± 1.9

28.1 ± 1.3

19.3 ± 2.9

*p > 0.05

LA/P

1047.2 ± 106.7 b

1161.9 ± 107.5 ab

1454.9 ± 96.9 a

1443.1 ± 56.0 a

p < 0.05

149.5 ± 22.6 ab

94.5 ± 5.3 b

203.9 ± 17.2 a

86.3 ± 12.0 b

p < 0.01

SPAD

53.4 ± 1.9 b

70.8 ± 1.8 a

59.0 ± 2.2 b

60.1 ± 0.6 b

p < 0.01

54.1 ± 0.6 b

54.5 ± 1.6 b

58.5 ± 1.0 ab

63.3 ± 2.0 a

p < 0.01

Ci

154.6 ± 12.3 c

257.5 ± 11.1 a

241.2 ± 8.6 ab

194.8 ± 14.02 bc

p < 0.01

272.8 ± 2.5

257.8 ± 6.6

195.3 ± 37.9

236.0 ± 13.2

p > 0.05

gs

147.6 ± 14.0 c

307.7 ± 39.9 b

418.0 ± 23.7 a

151.9 ± 18.6 c

p < 0.01

709.0 ± 49.1 a

588.9 ± 114.8 ab

251.9 ± 91.9 bc

202.0 ± 24.8 c

p < 0.01

A

17.8 ± 1.8 abc

16.5 ± 1.6 bc

25.6 ± 1.2 ab

13.9 ± 1.5 c

p < 0.01

28.4 ± 1.3 a

23.9 ± 3.5 a

13.7 ± 1.6 b

14.0 ± 1.5 b

p < 0.01

E

4.1 ± 0.4 b

8.8 ± 0.9 a

8.5 ± 0.5 a

5.0 ± 0.5 b

p < 0.01

11.1 ± 0.3 a

11.8 ± 1.7 a

5.4 ± 1.6 b

5.5 ± 0.7 b

p < 0.01

VPD

2.9 ± 0.1 b

3.2 ± 0.1 a

2.3 ± 0.1 c

3.5 ± 0.04 a

p < 0.01

2.0 ± 0.1 b

2.8 ± 0.2 a

2.7 ± 0.1 a

3.0 ± 0.1 a

p < 0.01

WUE

4.3 ± 0.2 a

1.9 ± 0.2 c

3.0 ± 0.2 b

2.9 ± 0.2 b

p < 0.01

2.6 ± 0.1

2.1 ± 0.1

3.7 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.2

* p > 0.05

TP

16.6 ± 0.9 b

30.2 ± 0.9 a

12.8 ± 0.8 b

28.0 ± 1.78 a

p < 0.01

14.5 ± 1.78

14.1 ± 1.1

14.2 ± 1.4

13.2 ± 0.1

p > 0.05

  1. a Abbreviations: variables are AGB, aboveground biomass per plant (g); PH, plant height (cm); L/P, number of leaves per plant; LA/P, leaf area per plant (cm2); SPAD, chlorophyll content; Ci, sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (µmol mol− 1); gs, stomatal conductance (mmol H2O m-2 s−1); A, net photosynthetic rate (µmol CO2 m− 2 s−1); E, transpiration rate (mmol H2O m− 2 s−1); VPD, vapor pressure deficit (kPa); WUE, water use efficiency (mmol CO2 mol H2O); and TP, Total phenolics (mg/g dry matter). The asterisk (*) represents Kruskal–Wallis test where did not satisfy variance and distributional assumptions of ANOVA.
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