Table 7 Economics of wheat under different levels of phosphorus in conjunction with nano DAP application.

Treatments	Cost of cultivation (US $ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)		Gross returns (US $ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)		Net returns (US $ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹)		Benefit-cost ratio
Treatments	2022–23	2023–24	2022–23	2023–24	2022–23	2023–24	2022–23	2023–24
P₀	811.3	816.7	1565.2^f	1861.9^f	784.8^d	1024.1^f	1.01^e	1.22^bc
P₅₀	831.7	838.0	1714.4^de	1938.0^e	876.4^de	1073.2^ef	1.05^cd	1.24^bc
P₅₀ + Nano_2.5 ml L⁻¹	862.3	866.5	1766.1^de	1997.1^cde	899.6^de	1121.0^cde	1.04^cd	1.28^b
P₅₀ + Nano₅ ml L⁻¹	871.5	875.6	1725.9^de	2021.9^bcd	919.3^cd	1173.9^abcd	1.05^cd	1.39^abc
P₇₅	840.2	848.7	1751.7^ef	1961.4^de	923.0^d	1100.0^def	1.06^cd	1.28^b
P₇₅ + Nano_2.5 ml L⁻¹	871.7	877.2	1824.1^bcd	2025.7^bcd	947.1^bc	1153.4^bcde	1.08^c	1.32^abc
P₇₅ + Nano₅ ml L⁻¹	880.7	886.2	1834.2^bc	2061.9^abc	958.6^b	1197.1^abc	1.08^c	1.39^abc
P₁₀₀	852.4	859.3	1908.4^cd	1995.3^cde	969.7^b	1137.5^bcde	1.11^b	1.33^abc
P₁₀₀ + Nano_2.5 ml L⁻¹	881.1	887.8	1916.0^b	2089.3^ab	986.9^b	1221.1^ab	1.11^b	1.41^ab
P₁₀₀ + Nano₅ ml L⁻¹	889.0	896.9	1929.6^a	2128.7^a	1022.3^a	1248.9^a	1.14^a	1.42^a
LSD (p = 0.05)	–	–	4.603	6.225	4.603	6.225	0.06	0.16

Values represent means from three replicates. Mean values followed by different letters are significantly different at p = 0.05 using Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. 1 US $ = 82.50 INR (2022–23); 83.50 INR (2023–24).

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