Fig. 5

Accumulation of inflammatory factors induces senescence in HFF. (a) Flowchart showing how keratinocyte-secreted inflammatory factors interact with HFF. (b) Heat maps depicting genes expression levels of senescence markers at different time points. (c) Relative MMP1, MMP3, COL1A1, TGF-β1, and Smad2 mRNA levels in HFF on days 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8, respectively. Statistical analysis involved one-way ANOVA and paired two-tailed t-tests, with significance denoted as ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05 relative to the control group.