Fig. 6

Inflammatory factors damage mitochondrial function. (a) Fluorescence imaging of HFF stained with JC-1 (magnification: ×20): red indicates aggregates in healthy mitochondria, while green marks cytoplasmic monomers, reflecting MMP loss. (b) JC-1 analysis in HFF by flow cytometry. (c) Measurement of mtROS levels in HFF cells using flow cytometry. (d) Evaluation of total ROS levels in HFF by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis involved one-way ANOVA and paired two-tailed t-tests, with significance denoted as ###P < 0.001, ##P < 0.01, and #P < 0.05 relative to the control group.