Fig. 1

A starvation microenvironment promotes proliferation, invasion, and migration by regulating GFAT1 in BCa cells. (A) GFAT1 and O-GlcNAc protein levels after time-incremental HBSS incubation in UM-UC-3 cells. (B) Quantitative western blot analysis of A. (C) GFAT1 protein levels in UM-UC-3 cells after 12 h of exposure to HBSS with or without DON. (D) Quantitative western blot analysis of C. (E) UM-UC-3 cell proliferation was measured by a CCK-8 assay after 12 h of exposure to HBSS with or without DON. (F) The migration and invasion of UM-UC-3 cells were measured by a CCK-8 assay after 12 h of exposure to HBSS with or without DON. (G) EMT marker protein levels were measured using western blotting after 12 h of exposure to HBSS with or without DON in UM-UC-3 cells. (H) Quantitative western blot analysis of the data in G. (I-J) Proliferation, migration, and invasion were measured using CCK-8 and Transwell assays after treatment with OSMI-1 or PUGNAc. (K) EMT marker protein levels were measured using western blotting after treatment with OSMI-1 or PUGNAc. (L) Quantitative western blot analysis of K. All PVDF bands were transferred and tested in the same western blot experiments. All the results are based on three distinct repetitions. Statistical significance is denoted as ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05, indicating significant differences between two groups.