Table 1 Performance comparison of the proposed method with state-of-the-art models on the control dataset<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Sugiyama, T. et al. Mechanical loading enhances the anabolic effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (1–34) on trabecular and cortical bone in mice. Bone 43, 238–248 (2008)." href="#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d18964231e908">14</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Sugiyama, T. et al. Risedronate does not reduce mechanical loading-related increases in cortical and trabecular bone mass in mice. Bone 49, 133–139 (2011)." href="#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d18964231e908_1">15</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Sugiyama, T. et al. Bones’ adaptive response to mechanical loading is essentially linear between the low strains associated with disuse and the high strains associated with the lamellar/woven bone transition. J. Bone Miner. Res. 27, 1784–1793 (2012)." href="/articles/s41598-025-92954-1#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d18964231e911">16</a></sup>. The results include the average Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and the average 95th percentile of Hausdorff Distance (HD95) for both cortical (C) and trabecular (T) compartments.