Fig. 2

(A) The semiarid landscape of Norte Chico region along the railway at the southern Atacama Desert in Chile where railroad ties sampling was carried out, abandoned railroad tracks in (B) Ovalle (OVA) and (C) Alcaparrosa (ALC), (D) illustration of the different orientations of ties manufacturing in a cross-section of a N. obliqua trunk with its annual growth rings, (E) detail of railroad ties sampling with a chainsaw, (F) visualization of N. obliqua annual growth rings from a railroad tie wood section, (G) Temperate rainforest biome in southern Chile, with Riñihue, Panguipulli and Neltume lakes from left to right, a region which was an epicenter for the manufacture of N. obliqua railroad ties, and (H) part of the cultural heritage consisting of the abandoned Alcaparrosa tunnel and station infrastructure (notice the water crane manufactured in Bath UK 1906). Pictures A and H from Cristian Campos (https://www.campografia.cl/alcaparrosa/).