Fig. 6

Improved Fibroblast Proliferation in vitro induced by cAD-MSC-derived exosomes at various concentrations. (A) schematic illustration of the single time point proliferation assay. (B) Representative images depicting the morphology and live/dead staining of fibroblasts after 24 h of treatment with different concentrations of exosomes. (C) Cell proliferation was assessed using a resazurin assay to evaluate the impact of exosome treatment at varying concentrations during a 24-hour incubation period. The values are presented as fold change, normalized with the untreated control. (D) Schematic workflow of serial time point proliferation assay. (E) Representative brightfield images depicting the morphology of fibroblasts at days 1, 2, 3, and 4 of incubation. (F) Live/dead staining of fibroblast co-cultured within varying concentrations of cAD-MSC-derived exosomes over 4 days incubation. (G) Cell proliferation analysis compared the effect of exosome treatment at various concentrations over 4-day incubation period. The values are illustrated as fold change, normalized with the basal medium control in each day. The mean and p-value are plotted, while asterisks indicating the significance levels compared to the control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). The scale bar indicates 250 μm.