Fig. 5

Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for (A) all-cause mortality and (B) cardiovascular mortality, with participants stratified into two groups based on NPAR thresholds. For all-cause mortality, the thresholds were < 15.1 and ≥ 15.1, while for cardiovascular mortality, the thresholds were < 14.2 and ≥ 14.2. Statistical analysis was conducted using the log-rank test to compare survival differences between the groups.