Table 1 Comparison of the anatomically correct and artificial origins and attachments of the simulated musculature.

From: A rig for in vitro testing of the lumbar spine and pelvis simulating posterior, anterior and oblique trunk muscles

Main acting direction

Trunk muscle

Anatomically correct attachment

Simulated attachment

Posterior

Multifidus

Spinous process

Head of pedicle screw between spinous and costal process

Longissimus dorsi

Costal process

Straight anterior

Rectus abdominis

Symphysis to costal arch

5 mm anterior of the symphysis to 150 mm anterior of T12 vertebra

Oblique

Psoas major

Anterior/lateral aspect of the vertebral body to lesser trochanter

Anterior/lateral of the vertebral body to lesser trochanter

Quadratus lumborum

Costal process to iliac crest

Not simulated

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