Table 2 Range of motion of the lumbar spine in vivo30,31 and simulated range in the model.

From: A rig for in vitro testing of the lumbar spine and pelvis simulating posterior, anterior and oblique trunk muscles

 

Range in vivo (°)

Simulated range (°)

Extension

33 ± 17

18 ± 11

Flexion

51 ± 12

27 ± 11

Lateral bending

62 ± 12

33 ± 7

Axial rotation

9 ± 3

11 ± 2

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