Table 7 Reasons for child-to-parent violence toward father and mother and differences according to children’s and parent’s sex.
From: Assessment, frequency, and reasons for child-to-parent violence in a sample of Italian adolescents
Reasons | Father (n1 = 528) | Mother (n2 = 553) | Both girls and boys (n3 = 519) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sons M (SD) | Daughters M (SD) | t | d | Sons M (SD) | Daughters M (SD) | t | d | Fathers M (SD) | Mothers M (SD) | t | d | |
Instrumental | 2.76 (3.09) | 2.35 (2.85) | 1.51 | 0.14 | 3.01 (3.13) | 2.77 (3.24) | 0.87 | 0.07 | 2.55 (2.99) | 2.91 (3.21) | − 4.87*** | 0.22 |
1 | 0.78 (0.98) | 0.66 (0.92) | 1.43 | 0.13 | 0.83 (0.96) | 0.74 (0.97) | 1.14 | 0.09 | 0.72 (0.95) | 0.79 (0.97) | − 3.19** | 0.14 |
2 | 0.47 (0.81) | 0.38 (0.74) | 1.27 | 0.12 | 0.44 (0.80) | 0.40 (0.74) | 0.65 | 0.05 | 0.42 (0.77) | 0.42 (0.76) | 0.19 | 0.01 |
3 | 0.61 (0.82) | 0.56 (0.83) | 0.72 | 0.06 | 0.67 (0.88) | 0.61 (0.87) | 0.78 | 0.07 | 0.58 (0.82) | 0.65 (0.88) | − 2.78** | 0.12 |
4 | 0.46 (0.75) | 0.42 (0.70) | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.55 (0.79) | 0.57 (0.82) | − 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.44 (0.73) | 0.56 (0.82) | − 5.02*** | 0.22 |
5 | 0.45 (0.70) | 0.35 (0.64) | 1.62 | 0.15 | 0.54 (0.72) | 0.47 (0.75) | 1.03 | 0.09 | 0.40 (0.68) | 0.50 (0.82) | − 4.73*** | 0.21 |
Reactive | 1.17 (1.50) | 1.75 (1.99) | − 3.62*** | 0.32 | 1.21 (1.49) | 1.90 (2.04) | − 4.51*** | 0.38 | 1.49 (1.82) | 1.60 (1.86) | − 2.75** | 0.12 |
6 | 0.65 (0.84) | 0.95 (1.03) | − 3.53*** | 0.31 | 0.68 (0.83) | 1.02 (1.05) | − 4.20*** | 0.35 | 0.82 (0.98) | 0.88 (0.99) | − 3.24** | 0.15 |
7 | 0.21 (0.54) | 0.28 (0.68) | − 1.28 | 0.11 | 0.20 (0.52) | 0.28 (0.63) | − 1.63 | 0.14 | 0.25 (0.62) | 0.25 (0.60) | 0.23 | 0.01 |
8 | 0.36 (0.61) | 0.55 (0.84) | − 2.97** | 0.25 | 0.36 (0.64) | 0.61 (0.89) | − 3.85*** | 0.32 | 0.47 (0.75) | 0.51 (0.81) | − 1.96 | 0.09 |
