Fig. 1

Cellular and molecular analyses on patient epiretinal membrane (ERM) samples. A More patient ERM samples are pigmented and RPE65⁺, suggesting a RPE origin. B Some ERM samples are GS⁺, suggesting a Müller cell origin. C Some ERM samples are GFAP⁺, suggesting a microglial cell origin. D Three technical replicates of a mixed normal RPE tissue RNA sample from a pair of adult human eyeballs or a mixed ERM RNA sample from 2 patients were used for qPCR to detect expression of genes involving in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition (CDKI), RPE and fibroblast (Fib) cell viability. *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01.