Fig. 3
Pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine gene expression in the rat brain (cortex) at 18 weeks post-soman exposure. mRNA was isolated from the cortex and processed for expression profile following a qPCR reaction. Gene-specific primers were used for each cytokine/chemokine and the mRNA expression levels were plotted as a fold change compared to control. Fold changes in mRNA expression for TNF-α (a), IL-6 (b), IL-17A (c), MCP-1 (d), IL-18 (e), and IL-1α (f) are shown. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Bars represent mean ± SEM, n = 10 (5/sex). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001 versus control by Unpaired t-test (a–d) and **p < 0.01 vs control by Mann–Whitney test (e–f). No sex differences were observed, and data was pooled together.
