Fig. 4
Secreted pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines in the CSF and serum of the rats at 18 weeks post-soman exposure. A customized MILLIPLEX® Rat Cytokine/Chemokine kit was used to analyze each cytokine/chemokine. The results are plotted as pg/mL of CSF (a) or serum (b) for TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, MCP-1, IL-18, and IL-1α. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Bars represent mean ± SEM, n = 10 (5/sex) for serum and n = 8 (4/sex) for CSF. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus control by Unpaired t-test (MCP-1) and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 versus control by Mann–Whitney test (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-1α). No sex differences were observed, and data are presented as mixed-sex cohort.
