Table 3 Effect of nanoparticles of Y. schidigera at different doses of each extract (ml of extract /g dietary DM) on ruminal methane production (CH₄, ml/g DM) of diets with two dietary levels of protein compared with nano-particles of chitosan (as a positive control (PC) and the crude extract using male bulls as a source of ruminal inoculum.

From: Influence of dietary protein levels on nano-encapsulated Yucca schidigera extract and its effects on in vitro ruminal greenhouse gas production and fermentation dynamics

Protein level (PRO, % of diet)	Type of extract (TE)	Extract dose (ED; mL/g DM)	CH₄ production
			CH₄ production kinetics^a			mL CH₄ g⁻¹ DM incubated			mL CH₄ 100 mL⁻¹ GP
			b	c	Lag	6 h	24 h	48 h	6 h	24 h	48 h
14	Without extract	0.00	33.50	0.1230	3.79	0.55	3.74	33.83	0.87	3.03	16.87
	Nano-chitosan	0.25	57.13	0.0923	3.63	0.91	9.74	57.14	1.25	5.08	19.51
		0.50	126.57	0.0897	3.22	1.59	19.37	126.74	2.02	8.41	33.55
		1.00	72.83	0.1125	3.72	0.60	5.45	72.84	0.72	2.44	20.10
	Crude extract	0.25	113.37	0.1134	3.79	2.37	11.96	113.34	2.10	4.77	21.60
		0.50	83.80	0.1029	3.95	1.40	9.04	83.63	1.43	4.10	19.27
		1.00	59.07	0.0940	2.53	1.49	12.05	58.87	1.13	4.13	12.97
	Nano-extract	0.25	91.30	0.1293	3.95	0.73	9.72	91.62	0.97	4.63	24.30
		0.50	88.23	0.1062	3.77	0.99	6.21	88.66	1.40	3.07	21.57
		1.00	119.03	0.1213	4.11	1.08	8.73	119.31	1.30	3.97	25.80
		SEM^b	22.680	0.01051	0.601	0.252	2.345	22.684	0.344	1.346	6.728
		TE	0.6858	0.0640	0.538	0.0013	0.2037	0.6723	0.4907	0.4326	0.4418
		ED	0.6727	0.3505	0.7922	0.3311	0.3571	0.6696	0.1444	0.2965	0.6459
		TE × ED	0.1209	0.3416	0.5045	0.0159	0.0082	0.1200	0.1338	0.1282	0.5733
18	Without extract	0.00	120.37	0.0900	4.65	0.59	9.33	120.27	0.73	4.40	27.90
	Nano-chitosan	0.25	15.80	0.0930	2.08	0.45	3.31	15.81	0.53	1.65	4.84
		0.50	16.40	0.0959	2.51	0.59	3.05	16.39	0.70	1.53	5.15
		1.00	18.63	0.0928	1.71	0.97	4.36	18.65	1.00	2.00	5.58
	Crude extract	0.25	100.17	0.0921	3.57	2.52	15.93	99.51	2.50	7.00	23.83
		0.50	66.70	0.1214	3.96	1.57	9.33	66.47	1.77	4.10	14.27
		1.00	64.70	0.1272	4.06	1.03	9.01	64.55	1.00	3.67	13.50
	Nano-extract	0.25	139.93	0.1680	5.15	1.23	12.33	138.65	1.60	6.10	35.77
		0.50	113.80	0.1310	4.70	1.62	7.17	113.79	2.03	3.37	26.70
		1.00	119.53	0.1131	4.08	1.31	14.09	119.41	1.50	6.33	30.50
		SEM²	9.759	0.01583	0.490	0.254	1.914	9.701	0.235	0.856	2.124
		TE	< .0001	0.0111	< .0001	0.0002	< .0001	< .0001	< .0001	< .0001	< .0001
		ED	0.0432	0.8646	0.5419	0.3715	0.0540	0.0491	0.1244	0.0412	0.0050
		TE × ED	0.3258	0.1049	0.5718	0.0073	0.1041	0.3381	0.0050	0.0988	0.0764
Pooled SEM^b			17.459	0.01343	0.548	0.253	2.141	17.445	0.294	1.128	4.989
p-value
PRO			0.6191	0.9547	0.6994	0.8703	0.9544	0.6507	0.9972	0.7859	0.6364
TE			< .0001	0.0007	0.0002	< .0001	0.0178	< .0001	0.0025	0.1698	0.0002
ED			0.5670	0.6714	0.5115	0.1370	0.3789	0.5783	0.0243	0.2263	0.4692
PRO × TE			0.0002	0.3436	0.0031	0.0260	0.0002	0.0002	0.0089	0.0009	0.0002
PRO × ED			0.2945	0.6236	0.8996	0.8882	0.0602	0.3046	0.7424	0.0980	0.2810
TE × ED			0.0365	0.1341	0.9201	0.0005	0.0035	0.0367	0.0096	0.0401	0.2111
PRO × TE × ED			0.3866	0.1251	0.2515	0.0614	0.0448	0.3831	0.0910	0.2424	0.8951

^ab = asymptotic CH₄ production (mL g⁻¹ DM); c = rate of CH₄ production (mL h⁻¹); Lag = initial delay before CH₄ production begins (h).
^bSEM = standard error of the mean.

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