Table 4 Effect of nanoparticles of Y. schidigera at different doses of each extract (ml of extract /g dietary DM) on ruminal carbon monoxide (CO, ml/g DM) of diets with two dietary levels of protein compared with nanoparticles of chitosan (as positive control (PC)) and the crude extract using male bulls as a source of ruminal inoculum.

From: Influence of dietary protein levels on nano-encapsulated Yucca schidigera extract and its effects on in vitro ruminal greenhouse gas production and fermentation dynamics

Protein level (PRO, % of diet)	Type of extract (TE)	Extract dose (ED; mL/g DM)	CO production
			CO production kinetics^a			mL CO g⁻¹ DM incubated
			b	c	Lag	6 h	24 h	48 h
14	Without extract	0.00	0.1101	0.00016	0.0013	0.0016	0.0083	0.0495
	Nano-chitosan	0.25	0.2775	0.00051	0.0004	0.0018	0.0108	0.1299
		0.50	0.4230	0.00022	0.0064	0.0032	0.0281	0.1946
		1.00	0.5297	0.00014	0.0013	0.0027	0.0181	0.2560
	Crude extract	0.25	0.3547	0.00026	0.0035	0.0082	0.0298	0.1639
		0.50	0.1950	0.00040	0.0008	0.0021	0.0141	0.0936
		1.00	0.4418	0.00056	0.0014	0.0031	0.0386	0.2121
	Nano-extract	0.25	0.1760	0.00050	0.0007	0.0015	0.0127	0.0827
		0.50	0.2201	0.00042	0.0007	0.0017	0.0150	0.0992
		1.00	0.2713	0.00064	0.0007	0.0013	0.0145	0.1212
		SEM^b	0.08672	0.000095	0.00217	0.00077	0.00704	0.04358
		TE	0.0484	0.0251	0.5412	0.0005	0.0852	0.0527
		ED	0.0983	0.4032	0.6755	0.0469	0.5607	0.1056
		TE × ED	0.4548	0.0237	0.3734	0.0006	0.128	0.5274
18	Without extract	0.00	0.2961	0.00010	0.0010	0.0034	0.0187	0.1350
	Nano-chitosan	0.25	0.1863	0.00043	0.0009	0.0022	0.0120	0.0824
		0.50	0.2316	0.00027	0.0007	0.0026	0.0137	0.1046
		1.00	0.2802	0.00046	0.0004	0.0022	0.0098	0.1286
	Crude extract	0.25	0.4060	0.00045	0.0066	0.0086	0.0422	0.1920
		0.50	0.2747	0.00020	0.0006	0.0024	0.0192	0.1305
		1.00	0.2370	0.00021	0.0016	0.0019	0.0168	0.1061
	Nano-extract	0.25	0.2267	0.00045	0.0022	0.0012	0.0111	0.0956
		0.50	0.2562	0.00035	0.0005	0.0017	0.0152	0.1208
		1.00	0.2428	0.00019	0.0011	0.0021	0.0154	0.1130
		SEM^b	0.04691	0.000128	0.00198	0.00108	0.00503	0.02343
		TE	0.1405	0.6300	0.3794	0.0196	0.0048	0.1257
		ED	0.8465	0.2198	0.2402	0.0793	0.1721	0.9262
		TE × ED	0.0994	0.6339	0.6320	0.0084	0.0379	0.0857
Pooled SEM^b			0.06972	0.000113	0.00208	0.00094	0.00612	0.03498
p-value
PRO			0.7637	0.1995	0.8530	0.4696	0.9483	0.6718
TE			0.0532	0.3501	0.4910	< .0001	0.0013	0.0524
ED			0.1895	0.1725	0.5574	0.0047	0.8187	0.2001
PRO × TE			0.0474	0.0796	0.4183	0.9227	0.5757	0.0529
PRO × ED			0.1054	0.3958	0.3020	0.9147	0.1645	0.1164
TE × ED			0.1129	0.7525	0.1995	< .0001	0.0237	0.1495
PRO × TE × ED			0.7411	0.0340	0.9114	0.8497	0.1833	0.7000

^ab = asymptotic CO production (mL g⁻¹ DM); c = rate of CO production (mL h⁻¹); Lag = initial delay before CO production begins (h).
^bSEM = standard error of the mean.

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