Table 6 Effect of nanoparticles of Y. Schidigera at different doses of each extract (ml of extract /g dietary DM) on rumen fermentation profile and CH4 conversion efficiency of diets with two dietary levels of protein (14 and 18%) compared with nanoparticles of chitosan (as positive control (PC)) and the crude extract using male bulls as a source of ruminal inoculum.

From: Influence of dietary protein levels on nano-encapsulated Yucca schidigera extract and its effects on in vitro ruminal greenhouse gas production and fermentation dynamics

Protein level (PRO, % of diet)

Type of extract (TE)

Extract dose

(ED; mL/g DM)

Ruminal fermentation characteristicsa

CH4 conversion efficiencyb

pH

DMD

SCFA

ME

CH4:SCFA

CH4:ME

CH4:OM

14

Without extract

0.00

7.45

87.60

5.75

7.16

2.42

4.20

19.88

Nano-chitosan

0.25

6.60

57.97

9.11

8.89

5.27

10.94

33.25

0.50

6.22

68.31

11.72

10.23

9.38

21.77

54.96

1.00

6.48

57.95

9.88

9.28

2.72

6.13

15.95

Crude extract

0.25

6.92

85.01

11.05

9.88

5.61

13.44

31.16

0.50

7.05

87.61

9.82

9.25

4.54

10.15

26.81

1.00

6.49

71.77

12.86

10.81

5.16

13.54

27.01

Nano-extract

0.25

7.44

88.59

9.29

8.98

5.03

10.92

30.30

0.50

7.37

87.73

8.95

8.81

3.27

6.97

20.06

1.00

7.32

87.26

9.68

9.18

4.41

9.81

25.94

SEMb

0.160

6.563

0.975

0.500

1.327

2.635

8.805

TE

< .0001

0.0002

0.0745

0.0744

0.3745

0.2036

0.4325

ED

0.2509

0.2746

0.4658

0.4635

0.3159

0.3573

0.2968

TE × ED

0.1818

0.6893

0.1585

0.1592

0.0485

0.0081

0.129

18

Without extract

0.00

7.45

90.98

9.43

9.55

4.55

10.48

28.77

Nano-chitosan

0.25

6.87

75.53

8.77

9.21

1.66

3.72

10.75

0.50

7.03

63.85

8.68

9.16

1.53

3.43

10.03

1.00

6.89

72.19

9.67

9.67

2.10

4.90

13.08

Crude extract

0.25

7.24

90.24

10.04

9.86

7.49

17.90

45.77

0.50

7.06

83.01

10.13

9.91

4.39

10.49

26.81

1.00

6.94

81.80

10.87

10.29

4.07

10.12

23.97

Nano-extract

0.25

7.45

90.19

9.07

9.36

6.16

13.85

39.89

0.50

7.41

89.11

9.44

9.56

3.49

8.06

22.02

1.00

7.39

88.47

9.87

9.77

6.71

15.84

41.41

SEMb

0.077

5.610

0.289

0.148

0.905

2.150

5.597

TE

< .0001

0.0015

 < .0001

 < .0001

 < .0001

 < .0001

 < .0001

ED

0.1970

0.3519

0.0039

0.0039

0.0467

0.0539

0.0412

TE × ED

0.1656

0.8292

0.8922

0.8857

0.0988

0.1037

0.0986

Pooled SEMc

0.125

6.105

0.719

0.369

1.136

2.405

7.377

p-value

       

PRO

0.0010

0.1348

0.4792

0.0010

0.6442

0.9550

0.7839

TE

< .0001

 < .0001

0.0034

0.0033

0.0878

0.0178

0.1703

ED

0.0769

0.3997

0.0850

0.0847

0.2861

0.3790

0.2265

PRO × TE

0.0110

0.5339

0.2440

0.2452

0.0006

0.0002

0.0009

PRO × ED

0.7171

0.2174

0.9644

0.9625

0.0830

0.0601

0.0983

TE × ED

0.1987

0.7788

0.2120

0.2128

0.0153

0.0035

0.0404

PRO × TE × ED

0.1256

0.7177

0.1261

0.1262

0.1315

0.0447

0.2434

  1. apH = ruminal pH; DMD = dry matter degradability; SCFA = short-chain fatty acids; ME = the metabolizable energy.
  2. bCH4:SCFA = methane:short-chain fatty acids ratio; CH4:ME = methane:metabolizable energy ratio; CH4:OM = methane:organic matter ratio.
  3. cSEM = standard error of the mean.
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