Fig. 5

Validation of the reconstructed joint angles using the potential field method against in vivo measurements. Reconstructed sternoclavicular, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral rotation for full arm abduction (a) and flexion (b) against humerothoracic elevation by both potential field (PF, solid black) and least squares (LS, solid red) methods in comparison to measurements by electromagnetic tracking33 and intracortical bone pins32.