Fig. 6

Maximum principal stress map (in MPa) for a theoretical normal stress in the central neck of 1 MPa: (a–f) proposed with values of n from 0 to 5, (g) Cornelissen & Timmers36, (h) Jun & Mechtcherine33, (i) Wille, Kim and Naaman32, (j) Kim, Oh and Yoo22, (k) RILEM TC 162-TDF17 (finite element models have been developed with the software ANSYS version 2023 R1).