Table 1 Historical origins of prominent object detection models.

From: Advancing e-waste classification with customizable YOLO based deep learning models

Model

Origin

Description

Applications

CNN-Based Models

Jiang et al.4, Zhou et al.5

CNN-based models have proven to be effective at identifying and classifying e-waste components

Identification and classification of e-waste

TensorFlow API

Huang et al.6

Google’s open-source framework supports the entire object detection model development cycle

Object detection and e-waste detection are understudied

YOLO

Redmon et al.7

The original YOLO model, designed for real-time object detection, laid the groundwork for subsequent versions with faster and more accurate detection

Real-time object detection and e-waste detection are understudied

YOLOv5

Bochkovskiy et al.8

An improved version of the YOLO model focuses on enhancing performance and scalability via architectural changes

Real-time object detection and e-waste detection are understudied

YOLOv7

Wanget al.9,10,11

Advancements such as Feature Pyramid Networks and additional residual blocks were introduced to improve real-time object detection

Real-time object detection and e-waste detection are understudied

YOLOv8

Wanget al.9,10,11

YOLOv8 is a cutting-edge object detection algorithm known for its speed and accuracy. It has been used in many applications, such as self-driving cars, security cameras, and medical imaging

Pose estimation, object detection, and instance segmentation; e-waste detection is understudied