Table 2 Qform FEM simulation parameters, flow stress law and coefficients for AA6082 aluminum alloy¹⁸, material properties and mesh parameters.

 Billet - die/ram/container friction

Sticking condition

 Profile - bearing friction

Levanov model (m = 0.3, n = 1.25)

Flow stress law

 Flow stress equation

\(\:\stackrel{-}{\sigma\:}=A\bullet\:{e}^{{m}_{1}T}\bullet\:{\stackrel{-}{\varepsilon\:}}^{-{m}_{2}}\bullet\:{\dot{\stackrel{-}{\varepsilon\:}}}^{-{m}_{3}}\bullet\:{e}^{\frac{{m}_{4}}{\stackrel{-}{\varepsilon\:}}}\bullet\:{(1+\stackrel{-}{\varepsilon\:})}^{{m}_{5}T}\bullet\:{e}^{{m}_{7}\stackrel{-}{\varepsilon\:}}\bullet\:{\dot{\stackrel{-}{\varepsilon\:}}}^{{m}_{8}T}\bullet\:{T}^{{m}_{9}}\)

 A [MPa]

270

 m1 [K^− 1]

−0.0045

 m2

−0.127

 m3

0.13

 m4

−0.016

 m5 [K^− 1]

0.00026

 m7

0

 m8 [K^− 1]

0

 m9

0

Material properties

 Density [Kg/m³]

2690

 Specific heat [J/kg K]

900

 Thermal conductivity [W/m K]

200

 Thermal expansivity [m/K]

2.34 × 10 − 5

 Young’s modulus [GPa]

68.9

 Poisson’s ratio

0.33

Mesh parameters Profile A

 Workpiece elements

1,927,131

 Die set elements

1,610,855

 Total

3,537,986

Mesh parameters Profile B

 Workpiece elements

1,087,219

 Die set elements

1,058,202

 Total

2,145,421