Fig. 7

Different types of understory vegetation cover and litter: (a) mixed dense forest featuring a multi-story canopy and a thick layer of litter covering the forest floor, (b) oak forest with a dense litter layer and scattered branches on the ground, (c) rhododendron forest with a dense accumulation of litter on the forest floor, and (d) deodar forest with sparse grass cover but a thick layer of litter covering the ground.