Fig. 3

Levels of factors related to oxidative stress. (a) ROS levels. (b) Catalase activity. (c) GSSG levels. (d) Radar graph of ratios to the untreated control. (e) Relative areas of polygons relative to the untreated control calculated using ImageJ software. (f) Statistical analysis of area ratios. Data were expressed as the means ± standard error (n = 3 ~ 5). The statistical significance was assessed using the nonparametric unpaired t-test (*p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001).