Fig. 3 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 3

From: Enhancing drought tolerance in cumin through physiological and genetic insights from a synthetic variety

Fig. 3

Hypothetical mechanistic model illustrating drought tolerance in cumin. Under drought conditions, reduced CO₂ availability and elevated oxidative stress (via reactive oxygen species, ROS) diminish photosynthetic pigments and impair photosynthesis. In response, cumin increases osmotic regulators (proline, sugars), antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase), and essential oil production—including the main active component, cumin aldehyde—to mitigate stress and enhance drought tolerance. In the figure, (−) indicates reduction while (+) indicates increase of the respective parameters.

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