Fig. 1

Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LUAD vs. normal tissues. (a) DEGs between lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and normal tissue samples were identified using stringent selection criteria: |log₂(fold change)|≥ 1.0 (horizontal dashed lines) and an adjusted P-value ≤ 0.05 (vertical dashed line, -log₁₀(adj.P) = 1.3). A total of 4,456 DEGs were identified, including 2,535 significantly upregulated (red, log₂FC > 0) and 1,921 downregulated genes (blue, log₂FC < 0). The tumor suppressor RBMS3 (arrow) exhibited marked downregulation (log₂FC = -1.82, adjusted P = 3.2 × 10⁻⁵) and was prioritized for further analysis. (b) Heatmap illustrating the expression profiles of the top 50 most significantly upregulated and downregulated genes in LUAD compared to normal tissues. The color gradient represents expression levels, where red indicates higher expression and blue indicates lower expression. (c) Venn diagram depicting the overlap of the DEGs with RBM family genes, identifying RBMS2 and RBMS3 as co-differentially expressed RBM genes. This highlights their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of LUAD.