Table 2 Vitality indicators and feature types.

From: Evaluation of comprehensive vitality of Shanghai’s commercial centers using multi-dimensional geospatial big data

Vitalities

Indicators

Features

Types

Population vitality

Total population

Total population

Mobile signaling

Population type

Work population, residential population

Goods vitality

Total consumption

Consumption amount, frequency of consumption

UnionPay consumption

Categories consumption

Catering consumption, retail consumption, accommodation consumption

Market vitality

Neighboring

Number of residential blocks, number of households

Features of POIs

Commercial offices

Number of office buildings, total office area, total office floors

Commercial facilities

Number of shopping centers, supermarkets, convenience stores

Business services

Number of restaurants, hospitals, education, banks, and transportation sites