Fig. 3

Effects of (a) 24 h and (b) 48 h of deoxynivalenol (DON) and baicalin (BAI) treatment on the LDH activity of primary hepatic 3D cell co-cultures of chicken origin assessed by LDH activity assay kit. BAI and DON-treated cells were compared to the control group. Different baicalin and 2 µg/mL DON-treated cells were compared to the 2 µg/mL DON group. Different baicalin and 20 µg/mL-DON treated cells were compared to the 20 µg/mL DON group. After 24 h treatment, the applied baicalin concentrations reduced, while the 20 µg/mL DON increased the LDH leakage of the cells. However, the 45 µg/mL baicalin mitigated this elevation. After 48 h, both DON treatments decreased the LDH activity, and the 45 µg/mL baicalin concentration further lowered it compared to the 2 µg/mL DON group. Control: cells without DON or BAI exposure; BAI: cells treated with BAI; DON: cells treated with DON; DON + BAI: cells treated with the combination of DON and BAI. See Table 1 for detailed concentrations. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.