Table 3 Classification of the benefit scores.

From: Evaluation of comprehensive benefits and the degree of coupling coordination for soil health products: a case study in Weifang City, China

Score

Development level

0.00–0.09

Limitation

0.10–0.29

Low

0.30–0.49

Medium

0.50–0.69

High

0.70–0.99

Perfect

  1. For the standardized level indicators, this study adopted the subjective assignment method, which assumes that the three subsets of economic, social, and environmental benefits of SHPs can promote and complement each other, with the weighting reflecting the importance of the three types of benefit31. We assumed that the three economic, social, and environmental subsystems were of equal importance, thus a weight coefficient of 1/3 was employed. Based on the comprehensive benefit evaluation index for SHPs, the economic, social, and environmental benefit scores for each study area were determined using Eq. (5). These scores were then used to calculate the comprehensive benefit score with Eq. (6):
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