Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants (n = 200).
Characteristic | Cases, n = 100 | Controls, n = 100 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ± SD | 62.98 ± 9.22 | 56.72 ± 12.40 | 0.061 |
Sex | 0.131 | ||
Male | 63 (63.00) | 73 (73.00) | |
Female | 37 (37.00) | 27 (27.00) | |
Residence | 0.008 | ||
Rural | 26 (26.00) | 44 (44.00) | |
Urban | 74 (74.00) | 56 (56.00) | |
Education | < 0.001 | ||
No formal education | 7 (7.00) | 30 (30.00) | |
Up to primary | 16 (16.00) | 19 (19.00) | |
Secondary | 29 (29.00) | 22 (22.00) | |
Higher secondary | 6 (6.00) | 15 (15.00) | |
University graduate | 42 (42.00) | 14 (14.00) | |
Family income | < 0.001 | ||
Low | 39 (39.00) | 21 (21.00) | |
Middle | 34 (34.00) | 10 (10.00) | |
High | 27 (27.00) | 69 (69.00) | |
Comorbidities | |||
Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 50 (50.00) | 39 (39.00) | 0.118 |
Hypertension | 66 (66.00) | 56 (56.00) | 0.147 |
Other comorbidities | 3 (3.00) | 3 (3.00) | 0.121 |
Smoking | 0.084 | ||
Never smoked | 69 (69.00) | 59 (59.00) | |
Previous smoker | 24 (24.00) | 24 (24.00) | |
Current smoker | 7 (7.00) | 17 (17.00) | |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.07 ± 3.56 | 23.45 ± 3.26 | 0.001 |
BMI category | 0.038 | ||
Underweight | 2 (2.00) | 6 (6.00) | |
Normal weight | 50 (50.00) | 62 (62.00) | |
Overweight | 48 (48.00) | 32 (32.00) | |
Family history of PD | 12 (12.00) | 0 (0.00) | < 0.001 |
Sun exposure index, mean ± SD | 8.11 ± 2.83 | 10.24 ± 3.83 | < 0.001 |
Vitamin D supplementation | 73 (73.00) | 16 (16.00) | < 0.001 |
Serum vitamin D level (ng/ml), mean ± SD | 27.04 ± 12.38 | 20.39 ± 9.77 | < 0.001 |
Serum Ca level (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 8.71 ± 1.35 | 9.42 ± 1.75 | 0.263 |
