Fig. 1

Effect on cytokine release after the simultaneous exposure to TSA and LPS in glial cells. (A) Experimental design for prolonged (24 h) exposure to TSA and/or LPS. (B) Evaluation of TNF-α (i), IL-1β (ii) and IL-10 (iii) release after 24 h exposure to 10 ng/ml LPS in absence or presence of different concentrations of TSA (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 nM). Results are expressed as a percentage of the LPS-treated control. Data are mean ± SEM of one to or four independent experiments in triplicate. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test.: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 LPS + TSA vs LPS; ⁺⁺ p < 0.01 LPS + TSA 10 nM vs LPS + TSA 100 nM. Although not shown in the graph, the following significant differences were also observed: TNF-α (i): Comparisons of TSA 0.01, 0.1, and 1 nM vs. 10 nM (p < 0.01); IL-1β (ii): Comparisons of TSA 0.01, 0.1, and 1 nM vs. 10 and 100 nM (p < 0.01); IL-10 (iii): Comparisons of TSA 0.01, 0.1, and 1 nM vs. 100 nM (p < 0.01), and TSA 0.1 nM vs. 10 nM (p < 0.05).